Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the alphabet in the countries that share a common Islamic cultural heritage. It includes Arabic, Ottoman and Persian calligraphy. It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami (خط اسلامي), which means Islamic line, design or construction.

The development of Islamic calligraphy is closely linked to the Qur'an; chapters and extracts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text on which Islamic calligraphy is based. However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects or spaces. Like all Islamic art, it encompasses a wide range of works created in a variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figurative tradition, but rather reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and the written text in Islam. It is noteworthy, for example, that the Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "The first thing God created was the pen".

Islamic calligraphy evolved from two main styles: Kufic and Naskh. There are several variations of each, as well as regional styles. Islamic calligraphy has also been incorporated into modern art since the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of calligraffiti.

Western art has also influenced Arabic calligraphy in other ways, with forms such as calligraffiti, the use of calligraphy in public art to convey political and social messages or to decorate public buildings and spaces.

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